Do compromised mitochondria aggravate severity and fatality by SARS-CoV-2?

At global level, the pandemic coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is known to be caused by an etiologic agent severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Numerous evidence and propositions have emerged on the molecular and cellular attributes that cause COVID-19. Notwithstanding, still several key questions with reference to molecular aspects of severity of infection by SARS-CoV-2 need to be answered. In the same line, the role of healthy mitochondria to maintain intracellular temperature and their association with the severity of SARS-CoV-2 is completely missing. In this direction, preclinical and clinical data on the comorbidities in the case of mitochondrial defective disease and COVID-19 are not available. The authors propose that patients harboring primary mitochondrial disease and secondary mitochondrial dysfunction will display a higher severity and death rate compared to healthy mitochondria harboring patients.

Natural vaccines accumulated in face masks during COVID-19: Underappreciated role of facial masking.

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a causal agent behind coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Despite promising developments in therapeutic and preventive avenues, the importance of facial masking is a key factor for the protective measures among exposed human populations. Preclinical and clinical data on the importance of facial masking concerning asymptomatic over symptomatic COVID-19 cases is limited. The recent introduction of the concept of SARS-CoV-2 associated molecular particle patterns (SAMPPs) as a natural vaccine has opened new avenues for the comprehensive development of immunity. To take this further, the scope of natural vaccines accumulated in facemasks during facial masking needs to be highlighted that may directly or indirectly contribute to building adaptive immunity among human populations. This paper attempts to discuss the underappreciated contributions of facial masking in the management of COVID-19 at the global level.

Low pH and Temperature of Airway Surface Liquid are Key Determinants that Potentiate SARS-CoV-2 Infectivity.

Overwhelming responses are seen at preclinical and clinical levels to understand and combat coronavirus disease 2019 [COVID-19] pandemic that is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 [SARS-CoV-2]. Encouraging successes are achieved in view of diagnostic, therapeutic and preventive measures, including vaccines development. In fact, structural information of SARS-CoV-2 and molecular steps that help this virus target AECs are appreciably studied. Furthermore, the heterogeneous and complex nature of COVID-19 is extensively revealed at molecular, genetic, and epigenetic and microenvironment levels. In spite of these developments in COVID-19 pathogenesis, the reasons behind the targeted infection by SARS-CoV-2 to AECs are poorly understood. In this mini-review, we highlight the roles of pH and temperature of airway surface liquid [ASL] as a key determining factor that may contribute towards enhanced targeted infection by SARS-CoV-2 leading to COVID- 19.

Is a COVID-19 vaccine developed by nature already at work?

The COVID-19 positive cases are increasing at an alarming rate across the world. On the contrary, the morbidity and mortality are showing decreasing trend as time progresses. The most intriguing part is the rise in asymptomatic Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Corona Virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) positive cases in the population, which made us speculate some kind of gradual development of immunity in the population. To date, no attention has been given to the accumulation of killed/inactivated/degenerated SARS-CoV-2 associated molecular particle patterns (SAMPPs). In this paper, we introduced the concept of SAMMPs and its existence on inanimate objects is quite conceivable due to the size of SARS-CoV-2 and exuberant shedding of the virus in respiratory secretions. SAMPPs can come into the contact with mucosal surfaces and thereof associated antigen-presenting dendritic cells. Thus, we hypothesized the existence of SAMPPs mediated the development of immunity against SARS-CoV-2 infection, which has caused an increase in the incidence rate of asymptomatic cases and a decrease in mortality rate. To understand the existence of SAMPPs associated natural immunity against SARS-CoV-2, future population based serological testing are recommended to investigate serum antibody levels against various molecular particles associated with SAMPPs.